Activities
Football Basketball Golf Soccer Baseball/Softball Racquet Sports Cycling Weighlifting Running Hiking Bowling Swimming Cardiovascular Dancing Walking Yoga Aerobics |
Male Participant %
96% 86% 82% 80% 72% 69% 66% 64% 58% 56% 54% 47% 44% 44% 43% 20% 17% |
Female Participant %
4% 14% 18% 20% 28% 31% 34% 36% 42% 44% 46% 53% 56% 56% 57% 80% 83% |
Based on this information stated on the left, we can clearly see that there are far less female participants in competitive sports than males. By seeing this information we can understand why females are less acceptable in a majority of nationally competed sports than males. Therefore, this can also explain why females are less accepted as officials except the sports they participate in more than males. For example, based on this information it would be reasonable to say that females should officiate Dancing and Swimming and males should officiate Football, Basketball, Soccer, and Baseball. However, based off our previous information on training processes, as long as the official gets the proper training, it shouldn't matter which gender official does which sport. Also, we can determine that although Title IX has been put into effect, there is still a lack of female participants, leading to the further question of what is stopping women from participating in athletics?
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Above data credited to the article "Sports and Exercise" to read the article click the link below.
The Pie Charts found below demonstrate and display results of a survey done by David W. Rainey and Peter Duggan. Their survey focused on assaulted officials, who their assailants were and where the assaults happened. Together they mailed surveys to 1500 certified basketball officials for the High School Athletic Association Officials Directory. Of the 1500 mailed surveys, 721 were filled out, returned, and accounted for in their final results. A total of 664 men and 57 women were the final participants, which does present the first problem of an uneven amount of females to males. The age range of their participants was 20-72 years (and average of 41.9) and their range of experience was 3-49 years (averaging 14.4 years). However, Rainey and Duggan still present useful data and answers to some of their questions.
Rainey and Duggan found in their surveys that there were mainly five different types of assaults towards officials; pushing, spitting, punching, throwing objects (such as basketballs and chairs), and choking. We can see that the majority of assaults performed was pushing. Pushing was reported as 43% of assaults, spitting 2%, punching 28%, throwing objects 19%, and choking 4%.
Assaults were found to take place at different types of games such as high school level and adult leagues. High School games presented a higher chance for an assault to happen compared to Adult League games. High school games hosted 52% of assaults where Adult League games were only 24%.
Rainey and Duggan asked their participants to also describe when they think the assaults happened the most. Higher pressured games such as playing special rivalries, and championships commonly riled the stands and provoked more assaults towards officials. Special rivals, at 26%, were found to be more provoking than championships games, 19%. Other type of game situations at 55% assaults were games including high school, little league, adult league, and other various types of game play. Rainey and Duggan demonstrated that with their survey, they found special rivals and championships to produce the majority of assaults.
The most interesting and useful part of Rainey and Duggan's data was the collection of who exactly the assailants were. The participating officials were asked who all they were assaulted by throughout their entire career, not just certain types of games. The different assailants came down to the players, parents, coaches, and fans. Players were reported as the most common assailant at 41% of the time, followed by parents 20%, coaches 19%, and fans 15%. This collection of data was found somewhat surprising guessing that fans or coaches would be the more likely to be aggressive. Assaults by players and coaches result in suspension or worse depending on the severity of the assault.
This graph represents data collected from a survey composed by Richard G. Graf and Paula J. Konoske. Their study called "Gender Effects in the Evaluation of High School Basketball", was proposed to prove whether or not the status of officials affects their ranking and to study how people perceived certain officials. Graf and Konoske surveyed high school students and asked them to rank high and low status officials. We can read the chart seen as follows;
- Female participants rate high status male officials higher than male participants.
- Male participants rate high status female officials higher than female participants.
- Both male and female participants rate a high status female official higher than a high status male official.
- Male participants rate a low status male official higher than female participants.
- Female participants rate a low status female official higher than a male participant.